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Typically, clinical trials compare a new product or therapy with another that already exists to determine if the new one is as successful as, or better than, the existing one. In some studies, participants may be assigned to receive a placebo. In double-blind, experimental research trials, the participants are not informed about which medicine is being used. Double-blind studies are specifically designed to prevent both patients and scientists on the research team from influencing results. This ensures more scientifically-conclusive results. In single-blind trials, by comparison, only the patient is unaware of which medicines are being tested.

Most clinical studies pose the risk of minor discomfort, although some study participants experience complications that require medical attention. In rare cases, participants have been seriously injured or have died resulting from their participation in trials of experimental therapies. The specific risks associated with a research protocol are described in detail in the informed consent document, which participants are required to sign before participating in research. Also, a member of the research team must explain the major risks of participating in a study. Before deciding to participate, carefully consider all possible risks and benefits.